Analyze ZTE's R&D and comprehensive innovation capabilities in key areas

On August 25th, at the "2018 Yabuli Forum Summer Summit", Yu Minhong, chairman of New Oriental Group, delivered a speech. What he said was "one stone caused a thousand waves", such as "China's technology application level is not low, but most of them use It is the low-level taste of the Chinese, including Alibaba, Pinduoduo, and Tencent."

For another example, Yu Minhong also mentioned ZTE: "It is also uncomfortable for a company to be uncomfortable. I once bought ZTE stocks, but now I basically can’t get back. I found that ZTE’s investment in technology research and development in one year is only Less than one billion yuan. Compared with Huawei’s tens of billions of investment, ZTE claims to be a high-tech group and really beats itself in the face."

The so-called "technical industry has specialization", Yu Minhong's above mentioned ZTE's words, there are many imprecise points. There is an obvious mistake-"ZTE only invests less than one billion yuan in science and technology research and development a year."

After reviewing public data on the 5G WeChat public platform (ID: angmobile) over the years, it was found that ZTE’s annual investment in scientific research and development remained at about 10% of its operating income (the highest value in 2016 was 12.61%). A total of 78.731059 billion yuan was invested in 8 years, with an average annual R&D investment of about 9.84 billion yuan, and reached a maximum of 12.962 billion yuan in 2017 (ranking the first among A-share technology listed companies). It can be said that technological innovation has always been regarded as the "source" of life by ZTE.

It can be seen from the above table that even in 2012, when ZTE suffered an unprecedented profit decline due to business adjustments, ZTE did not give up or reduced its investment in research and development, but increased its investment in research and development (8.8292 billion yuan). And the proportion of R&D investment in revenue that year was the highest during 2010-2013.

Approximately 10% of revenue (more than 11% each year from 2014 to 2017) is invested in research and development each year, which is rare in the world. With such a high R&D investment, with the joint efforts of more than 30,000 R&D personnel, it is reported that ZTE has ranked among the top three and won the championship in global PCT patent applications for eight consecutive years. A search on the patent database on the 5G WeChat public platform (ID: angmobile) found that ZTE has accumulated more than 69,000 global patent assets and more than 30,000 authorized patent assets; and more than 90% of the patents held by ZTE have high rights Invention patents for stability and technical quality, including numerous basic patents covering international communication technology standards, and core patents covering key technologies in the communication industry, have become one of the major patent holders in the global communication industry.

It can also be seen from the above table that it is precisely because of its great emphasis on research and development that ZTE’s annual revenue is increasing year by year, and it exceeded 100 billion in 2016 and continued to grow in 2017. As we all know, ZTE has become an international communications giant and the world's leading provider of integrated communications and information solutions. It is currently providing innovative technology and product solutions to operators and government and enterprise customers in more than 160 countries and regions around the world. The achievement of this achievement, as can be seen from the above table, lies in ZTE's "huge R&D investment".

As a result, we have observed that ZTE has gained more and more say in the formulation of technical standards in fields such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing. Up to now, ZTE has become a member of more than 70 international standards organizations and forums, and more than 30 experts have held important positions such as chairpersons and rapporteurs in major international standards organizations in the world, and cumulatively submitted 40,000 manuscripts to the International Organization for Standardization. He has obtained more than 280 positions as editor-in-chief and drafting rights for more than 280 international standards, continued to have patent advantages in key products and technical fields such as 4G, 5G, and optical communications, and continued to strengthen risk defense capabilities.

The following takes the three core areas of cloud computing, RRU (remote radio frequency module), and 5G as examples to further analyze ZTE's R&D and comprehensive innovation capabilities in key areas.

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R&D in the field of cloud computing occupies an absolute advantage

From our search of the SIPO search system of the State Intellectual Property Office, ZTE has a total of 333 patent applications and authorizations in the field of cloud computing. Among them, more than 99% are invention patents, occupying an absolute advantage. This is because cloud computing technology is a technology based on the Internet to provide dynamic and scalable virtualized resources. This nature determines that its intellectual property rights are concentrated on invention patents; on the other hand, it also illustrates ZTE’s technology in this field. The R&D input and output are efficient, and the patent value is considerable.

Our previous long-term observations in the industry found that ZTE not only seized the high ground of cloud computing technology through patent layout, but also made important achievements in the formulation of domestic and international standards for the cloud computing industry. As early as the beginning of 2012, ZTE obtained the position of vice chairman of the Cloud Focus Group under the International Telecommunications Union Standards Organization; in addition, ZTE was the first domestic speaker on the direction of cloud computing architecture. In 2016, ZTE passed the certification of the trusted cloud open source solution organized by the Cloud Computing Open Source Industry Alliance (OSCAR), the Data Center Alliance and the Cloud Computing Development and Policy Forum. This is ZTE's trusted cloud service through the cloud host in 2015 After certification, it was again authoritatively recognized in the certification of private cloud open source solutions. The definition, requirements and scenarios of ZTE's trusted cloud services are officially written into the world's first cloud computing framework standard ITU-T Y.3501ed2, which is a major breakthrough in the field of international cloud computing standards in my country.

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Become an industry leader in the RRU field

The remote radio module (RRU) is the core subsystem of the wireless base station, which mainly completes the transmission signal processing and receiving signal processing from the baseband to the air interface.

How important is RRU?

The RRU served by the key RRU technology has two firsts in the various subsystems of the mobile communication wireless network: the main equipment shipments accounted for the first (more than 70%); the sales accounted for the first (more than 45 %). Since the wireless network is the part of the operator's network that accounts for the highest proportion of sales, it can also be said that RRU accounts for the largest proportion of sales in the various subsystems of the operator's network. This shows that RRU is not generally important.

Based on the important position of RRU, the four major communication equipment manufacturers have invested a lot of manpower and material resources to enhance the key competitiveness of their RRU products in order to obtain corresponding market returns.

To improve the key competitiveness of RRU products (strong business capabilities, high efficiency, low cost, small size, light weight, etc.), one of the key points is to do a good job in RRU key technology research and development. The 5G WeChat public platform (ID: angmobile) has observed that through decades of continuous research and numerous improvements and breakthroughs, ZTE has grown from a follower to an industry leader in key RRU technologies.

RRU has five key technical directions. It is reported that ZTE has achieved industry-leading technology research and development results:

â‘  TRX key technological innovation

TRX key technologies are concentrated on the evolution of link solutions and key components.

FPGA is characterized by flexible and programmable, and can quickly respond to the new features required by RRU products. In this direction, ZTE RRU quickly formed an FPGA platform solution, accumulated an efficient modular design method based on FPGA, and well supported the rapid and stable delivery of new product features. Compared with FPGA, ASIC has reduced cost and power consumption by about 50%, and has made outstanding contributions to the competitiveness of RRU products. ZTE began investing in 2006 and has developed several generations of ASICs, which has greatly improved the heat consumption and cost competitiveness of RRU products.

The analog-digital (AD)/digital-analog (DA) + multi-chip module (MCM) solution focuses on high performance, especially for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) applications. The core of the evolution route is device high-performance + multi-function integration. ZTE began investing in 2008 and has developed 5 generations of MCM, which has reduced the number of 2T2R RRU radio components from 30 to 8, reducing power consumption by >30% and board layout area by >5 times. The TRXSOC solution adopts zero intermediate frequency, which is characterized by high integration and low power consumption. Since 2011, ZTE has developed the 5th generation of TRXSOC. Zero-IF technology and devices have been applied to more and more RRU product forms, and are especially suitable for 5G massive MIMO active antenna units (AAU).

In the direction of 5G high-frequency (millimeter wave) products, ZTE has integrated industry resources and concentrated its efforts to start the development of 5G high-frequency RF front-end solutions and key components earlier. In the key device evolution route, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and gallium nitride (GaN) multiple process routes are parallel, and it is expected to achieve large-scale commercial use in 2022.

â‘¡The key technological innovation of power amplifier

The heat consumption of the power amplifier accounts for 60%-70% of the total heat consumption of the RRU, so high efficiency is the most important goal of the power amplifier design. ZTE has invested in self-developed high-efficiency power amplifiers since 2008, and has gone through 8 generations of research and development, and has formed unique ZM and DM technologies, so that the efficiency of RRU power amplifiers has always been at the leading level in the industry. In terms of contribution to the product, taking FDD two RRUs as an example, the heat consumption of the product's 3rd generation upgrade has dropped by more than 30%, and the heat consumption of PA has dropped by more than 80%.

â‘¢The key technological innovation of algorithm

RF algorithms mainly include peak clipping (CFR) and digital predistortion (DPD). For 5G, the main characteristics of the development trend of CFR are low-resource, high-performance, and low-latency; the development trend of DPD is low-resource, high-performance, and ultra-wideband processing. It is reported that ZTE has invested in self-developed CFR and DPD algorithms from 2006 to 2009. After more than 6 generations of research and development, the bandwidth support capacity has been increased by 10 times, supporting various power amplifiers, achieving a 30% reduction in resources, and well supporting the efficiency of power amplifiers. Leading and well supported the evolution of RRU multi-frequency multi-mode broadband and frequency band expansion.

â‘£The key technological innovation of the filter

The main driving force for the evolution of key technologies of filters is miniaturization and light weight. The main technical routes are filter cavity design, structural technology, and structural materials. Since 2010, ZTE has cooperated with suppliers to invest in the research and development of filter miniaturization. In the direction of high power, the notebook filter (NF) has undergone 3 generations of research and development, and the time division duplex (TDD) 8T RRU filter has been reduced by 50% in volume and 40 in weight. %; In the direction of low power, the volume of ZTE's innovative filter (ZRF) is reduced to 20% of that of the ordinary metal coaxial solution filter, bringing the volume of the 5G low-frequency AAU machine to a reduction of> 10% and a weight reduction of> 10%. . At the same time, ZTE Corporation is carrying out research on a new generation of miniaturized filter technology, promoting the extreme miniaturization and weight reduction of filters from the dimensions of material update, process progress, and program replacement. At present, a certain amount of accumulation has been formed in all-dielectric material filters, low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC), low-pass filters, bulk acoustic wave (BAW), thin film bulk acoustic wave resonators (FBAR) and other device filters. Phased results have been achieved.

⑤Innovative aspects of key antenna technologies

As the antenna array increases exponentially, miniaturization and weight reduction have become extremely important requirements. It is reported that ZTE has proposed a low-profile antenna solution, which has become one of the effective solutions to this demand. At present, it can achieve a 50% reduction in antenna profile, which can bring a volume reduction of >10% to the whole machine.

The above-mentioned 5 key technological advancements directly affect the improvement of the key competitiveness of products. Take ZTE RRU products as an example:

â‘  FDD has two RRUs. Through the evolution of the third-generation product, the volume is reduced by 61%, the heat consumption is reduced by 32%, and the cost is reduced by 27%.

â‘¡ TDD eight-engine RRU, through the evolution of the third generation product, under the premise of doubling the power of the top of the machine, the volume is reduced by 25% and the cost is reduced by 55%.

â‘¢5G AAU, after 3 generations of product evolution, under the premise that the top power is increased by 5 times and the bandwidth is increased by 5 times, the volume is reduced by 50%, the weight is reduced by 36%, and the heat consumption is reduced by 37%.

The above-mentioned 5 key technology leadership can well support the key competitiveness of ZTE's RRU products, which in turn supports the increase in product market share and brand building. Take ZTE RRU products as an example:

â‘ In 2012, we launched the Magic RRU series with the highest power, highest efficiency and smallest volume in the industry.

â‘¡In 2012, the industry's most efficient and smallest TDD 8T RRU was launched.

â‘¢In 2014, Qcell pRRU with the largest multi-frequency support capability, the smallest power consumption and the smallest volume was launched in the industry.

â‘£At the 2016 World Mobile Communications Conference, ZTE's Pre5G large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) won the global mobile "Best Mobile Technology Breakthrough Award" and "CTO Choice Award" dual awards.

⑤ In the 2017 China Communication Industry List, ZTE's 5G low-frequency AAU won the "Most Competitive Product Award".

In the 5G era, massive MIMO has become the standard configuration of wireless base stations, and the proportion of RRU in the competitiveness of wireless base station products has further increased. The 5G WeChat public platform (ID: angmobile) believes that based on this development trend, ZTE will continue to maintain its leading position in the RRU key technology industry and provide customers with competitively leading RRU products after further increasing investment in the research and development of key RRU technologies. Foundation!

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Committed to becoming a global pioneer in the 5G field

In the next 20 years, 5G will become one of the important contributing factors to stimulate global economic development. The 5G WeChat public platform (ID: angmobile) observed that the global 5G arena is "fiercely fighting", and ZTE, which has entered the sprint stage, is working hard and insisting on "technical innovation, commercial practice, and cloudification enablement" as the driving force. It is inevitable. ZTE actively conducts 5G technology verification and product development, takes 5G development as its core strategy in the future, and continues to increase investment in 5G R&D and related fields. Currently, it has established a R&D team of more than 4,500 people, and invests more than RMB 3 billion in R&D each year. Funds, fully carry out standard patents, product development, testing and verification, industry application exploration, etc., actively promote the maturity of the 5G industry chain, and strive to become the first batch of 5G commercial equipment and solution suppliers.

In the field of 5G standards, ZTE has always been a major participant and contributor, first in the industry to oppose the “fragmentation” of 5G standards and advocate a unified global standard for 5G. ZTE provided more than 3,500 5G standard technical proposals for 3GPP, and also assumed the position of editor-in-chief of 3GPP RAN2, RAN3, RAN4 and other 3 5G new air interface standards. ZTE 5G expert Ms. Gao Yin was elected as the first female vice chairman of the 3GPP RAN3 working group. Relying on in-depth research and original advantages in the MUSA field, ZTE led the establishment of the key technology NOMA of 5G NR physical layer, and as the first reporter led the research work on core technical standards such as NOMA and network slicing.

We have observed that ZTE has been leading the development of 5G with "technical innovation": it put forward the concept of Pre5G before the industry, and introduced the key technology of 5G field Massive MIMO into 4G. This subversive innovation concept won the "2016 Annual Conference" at the Global Mobile Conference. Global Best Mobile Technology Breakthrough Award; launched a new series of 5G high and low frequency commercial base stations, using 5G key technologies to fully promote 5G commercial use; as a major contributor to global standards research, actively participates in international mainstream standards organizations and promotes active platform cooperation .

ZTE has also intensively cultivated cloud-based networks to enable 5G, first applied the DevOps concept to telecommunications networks, and launched Carrier DevOps Builder to quickly generate 5G-oriented network slices to achieve minute-level deployment and second-level flexibility. As a result, at the 2017 SDN/NFV Global Conference, ZTE won the "Oscar" award in the SDN/NFV field-the Best New Arrangement and Control Award.

At the same time, ZTE is actively launching commercial trials to increase 5G, actively carrying out 5G tests with operators and partners in China, Italy, France and other countries, and refreshing many in the first, second and third phases of 5G in China Test record; On the other hand, ZTE is also accelerating the development of 5G terminals, and jointly with China Mobile and Qualcomm to start IoDT testing based on the 5G new air interface standard-this is the industry's first test based on 5G standards and future commercial terminal chips; and 5G Core network advanced function verification, end-to-end 5G network slicing performance and application testing, and jointly promote 5G innovation.

In the deployment of 5G commercial networks, the completeness and maturity of the 5G solution will have an important impact on the overall performance of the 5G network and the long-term development of operators. Although operators do not necessarily purchase end-to-end 5G systems from a certain supplier, the end-to-end solution capabilities enable suppliers to have a deeper understanding of the needs of the entire 5G network, so as to provide closer service requirements and more market competitiveness. 5G solutions.

We have observed that as a “pioneer” of 5G innovation, ZTE is committed to providing the most competitive 5G end-to-end solutions for global mobile communication operators relying on strong R&D capabilities, and strives to be among the first batch of 5G commercial Inspur works closely with strategic partners to jointly promote the development of the 5G industry chain and accelerate the commercialization of 5G.

We have noticed that ZTE is one of the few equipment suppliers in the industry with 5G end-to-end solution capabilities. Its 5G solution mainly includes 5 parts: 5G RAN for wireless access, 5G bearer Flexhaul, 5G core network CloudServCore, management orchestration MANO and The terminal part has business-oriented end-to-end slicing capabilities, flexible function orchestration capabilities, and on-demand business module deployment capabilities.

5G RAN part: ZTE's series of 5G radio frequency modules cover mainstream 5G alternative frequency bands such as 26GHz, 28GHz millimeter wave, 3.5GHz, 4.5GHz and below 1GHz, and the baseband platform based on the virtualized architecture supports 5G centralized unit CU and distributed unit DU Flexible deployment. In addition, in the field of Massive MIMO, the most important key technology of 5G, ZTE's technological research and commercial progress of solutions are in the forefront of the industry. In February 2017, ZTE released a full range of 5G pre-commercial base stations. In July 2017, the peak value of FDD Massive MIMO pre-commercial verification reached a new high.

5G bearer part: In February 2017, the center first released Flexhaul, a 5G bearer solution based on "IP+Optical". ZTE's Flexhaul solution can not only flexibly handle the mixed access of fronthaul, midhaul and backhaul, but also easily respond to on-demand connection requirements between data centers after network function virtualization. With the help of the world's leading FlexE technology, Flexhaul can provide eMBB services with ultra-high broadband access capabilities through flexible slicing, and provide ultra-low delay forwarding channels for delay-sensitive services.

5G core network part: In December 2017, ZTE launched a 5G core network product based on a service-oriented architecture. ZTE's Cloud ServCore based on cloud native and microservice architecture can meet the application requirements of diversified vertical industries through flexible business orchestration capabilities, agile development and operation processes, and on-demand deployment models.

MANO part: The global management and orchestration system uniformly schedules and manages the resources of 5G RAN, 5G bearer network and 5G core network, thereby generating end-to-end network slices optimized for specific vertical industries or business types, and based on real-time business requirements Dynamically adjust and optimize network slicing.

For the terminal part, ZTE has reserved more than 200 5G terminal-related patents and more than 60 international proposals, and continues to increase R&D investment in the field of 5G terminals every year. In the first half of this year, ZTE successfully opened up the first 5G call in Guangzhou and officially opened an end-to-end 5G commercial system large-scale outfield site, further accelerating the 5G commercial process.

According to the 5G WeChat public platform (ID: angmobile) has been observing the global 5G development, each component of ZTE’s 5G end-to-end solution has industry-leading results: ① Massive MIMO was the first to be commercialized in the industry and accumulated a wealth of Commercial experience; ②3.5GHz band 5G new air interface radio frequency module network performance is ahead of western manufacturers; ③The maximum configuration of the 2U virtualized baseband platform supports 15-cell 5G NR processing, the capacity is the first in the industry; ④The industry’s first 5G bearer prototype, single Jump device forwarding delay is less than 0.5 microseconds; ⑤ Based on cloud native and microservice architecture 5G core network, DevOps won the "Best New Orchestration and Control Award" in the SDN/NFV field.

It is true that in the past 40 years of reform and opening up, with the joint efforts of upstream and downstream enterprises, my country’s mobile communications have gone through different stages of "2G follow-up, 3G catch-up, and 4G synchronization". This is in line with their high emphasis on R&D investment and "R&D, production, sales, The integration of service is inseparable.

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