Development Trend of Large Aircraft Avionics System
I. Overview
Large aircraft mainly refer to large-scale civil passenger aircraft, large and medium-sized military transport aircraft, and large-scale special aircraft such as early warning aircraft, tankers, anti-submarine aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft and other upgrades and modifications based on the above platforms. Large aircraft is an important part of modern aviation aviation weapon equipment and air transportation system. It has the characteristics of large combat/operation radius, strong carrying capacity, can perform various types of tasks, and can adapt to many different flight environments. The modern air transportation economy plays an important and irreplaceable role. With the successful maiden flight of my country's Yun-20 large transport aircraft and C919 large passenger aircraft, my country has made significant progress in this field. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of related technologies such as communications, computers, and virtual reality, avionics systems (hereinafter referred to as avionics systems) have developed rapidly, and the level of integration, intelligence, and modularity has been continuously improved. It has become increasingly indispensable for large aircraft. The missing components play a very important role in ensuring the safe and reliable completion of related tasks for large aircraft.
2. The basic composition of large aircraft avionics system
According to different missions and application environments, different types of aircraft have certain differences in the composition, function and configuration of their avionics systems. However, on the whole, the main functions of avionics systems are: during the operation of large aircraft, according to their mission needs and Environmental characteristics, complete basic flight processes such as information collection, task management, navigation guidance, etc., provide basic human-machine interfaces for the flight crew, ensure the flight crew's situational awareness and aircraft system management and control capabilities, so that the flight crew can manage and control in a timely and effective manner The aircraft flies safely and reliably according to the predetermined trajectory, and completes related tasks efficiently. Generally speaking, the basic components of an avionics system include:
ï¬Communication system: mainly responsible for the voice and data transmission between the aircraft and the outside, to ensure the establishment of stable and communication communication between the aircraft and the ground;
ï¬Navigation system: real-time acquisition and measurement of aircraft movement information through a variety of navigation sensors, and timely acquisition of dangerous terrain, bad weather and other flight safety threat information through various monitoring methods to ensure flight safety and economy;
ï¬Mission/Flight Management System: According to the actual mission needs of the aircraft, complete the trajectory prediction, automatic control and performance optimization during the flight to ensure that the flight trajectory and profile of the aircraft can meet the needs of performing related tasks;
ï¬Comprehensive display system: Provide the flight crew with a comprehensive, clear and intuitive display of flight information including altitude, heading, attitude, airspeed, ground speed, Mach number, position, etc., to help the flight crew accurately and timely grasp the flight dynamics and Aircraft operating conditions, thereby completing flight operations tasks more safely and efficiently;
ï¬Core processing system: Based on the core task processing computer, the onboard embedded real-time operating system and the onboard bus network, complete the interconnection and intercommunication of related system equipment on the aircraft, and provide a basic processing platform for various system tasks;
ï¬Airborne maintenance system: Receiving, summarizing and analyzing relevant data provided by various systems on the aircraft in real time, discovering, diagnosing and locating fault conditions of relevant airborne systems and equipment in a timely manner, so as to formulate and adopt relevant maintenance strategies in a targeted manner. Ensure the reliable operation of the aircraft.
Generally, the basic architecture of modern large aircraft's avionics system is as follows:
Figure 1 Typical composition architecture of large aircraft avionics system
Third, the development trend of large aircraft avionics systems
The avionics system is the product of the combination of the two major technical categories of aviation and electronics. With the rapid progress of the two major fields in recent years, the avionics system and related technologies are showing a rapid development trend. The main development trends include:
3.1 Integrated and modular system architecture
With the increasing and complexity of various tasks required by large aircraft, the original system separation mode must be changed and the integrated modular avionics system architecture (IMA, Integrated Modular Avionics) must be adopted, that is: the use of centralized avionics tasks As an information processing platform, the processor realizes the information collection, conversion, processing and application of a variety of different system functions with the support of a highly reliable airborne data bus network, thereby transforming a large number of discrete system equipment in the past into a small number of integrated equipment . At present, B787, A380/350 and other large aircraft have adopted this architecture (as shown in the figure below). Under this architecture, the system uses a large number of standardized field replaceable modules (LRM, Lined Replaced Module), which improves the versatility of modules, reduces module types, has good fault detection and isolation capabilities, and can be reconfigured through the system , It further enhances the fault tolerance of the system and improves the reliability of the system.
Figure 2 Integrated modular avionics architecture of A380 aircraft
In recent years. As the trend of integration and modularization of avionics systems continues to intensify, the centralized IMA architecture is gradually developing towards a distributed integrated modular avionics (DIMA) architecture. Under this architecture, the system's processing, access, network, and conversion resources are deployed in a distributed manner according to the aircraft mission area, so that data is accessed nearby, information is processed nearby, and the functional applications of each system are executed nearby, which overcomes the original IMA In the architecture, the system wiring is complicated and the core processing platform is overburdened, which represents the future development direction of the avionics system.
3.2 Gradual application of high-performance airborne data network
The airborne bus is used to realize data exchange between various subsystems and modules. Avionics systems need high-bandwidth, higher-reliability data channels to meet the real-time and reliability requirements of the avionics system. Compared with the traditional IEEE1553B bus and ARINC429 bus, Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) is based on the general principles of IEEE802.3 Ethernet and TCP/IP, and uses the commercial shelf (COTS) network technology to realize the aircraft equipment room. The high-speed data communication has the characteristics of high bandwidth, low delay, link redundancy and error correction, which improves the reliability of data transmission and the quality of service. At present, both A380 and Boeing 787 aircraft choose this bus as the integrated network onboard to interconnect the equipment of the aircraft's flight control, cockpit, power, fuel, cabin, hydraulics, landing gear and other systems. , Its peak transmission rate reaches 100MB/s level, data throughput has been greatly improved compared with the past.
3.3 The modern air traffic management system upgrades new requirements for avionics systems
In order to adapt to the actual needs of the development of modern aviation and to meet the actual needs of the increasing air traffic flow, ICAO proposes to use advanced communications, navigation and digital information provided by satellites and digital information in the three environments of aircraft, space, and supporting ground facilities. Surveillance technology is used to improve and enhance the ability of air surveillance and air traffic management to solve the outstanding problems of poor flight safety, low capacity, and low efficiency of existing large passenger aircraft, and gradually form a new navigation system. The basic framework of the system is shown in the figure below:
Figure 3 Basic framework of navigation system
The new navigation system requires the necessary upgrades of the airborne avionics system to adapt to future changes in air traffic management: in terms of communication, it will gradually transition from voice communication to data link communication; in navigation, it will gradually change from The land-based radio navigation method has transitioned to satellite navigation; in terms of surveillance methods, it has gradually transitioned from radar line-of-sight surveillance to integrated airborne surveillance with automatic correlation surveillance and terrain and weather surveillance; thus enabling aircraft to be in operation Realize more efficient, reliable and accurate operational situation awareness, and then jointly build a safe and efficient air traffic operation and management system. In order to adapt to the new requirements, the U.S. Air Force and Navy have begun to require avionics suppliers such as Rockwell Collins to modernize and upgrade a variety of aircraft, including C-130 and E-2D, in accordance with the requirements of the new navigation system.
3.4 Progressive application of advanced flight management system
The flight management system (FMS) integrates various functions on the aircraft such as navigation, guidance, automatic flight control, performance optimization, data link management, etc. The flight management system plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring flight safety and performance: it uses various types of navigation Sensors and aircraft navigation and performance databases estimate and control the aircraft to fly in accordance with the optimized trajectory, thereby reducing flight delays, improving flight comfort, reducing aircraft fuel emissions, and reducing the pilot's operational burden. The main components of the flight management system are as follows:
Figure 4 Basic composition of flight management system
The new-generation flight management system will no longer simply be limited to the optimization of the aircraft's three-dimensional movement, but will gradually improve the 4-dimensional navigation and operation capabilities, that is, the aircraft can share the precise trajectory of the aircraft with the ground ATC control center to achieve air-ground coordination Control, can strictly require flight time, and further improve the accuracy, safety and predictability of aircraft operations.
3.5 Continuous progress of new smart display technology
The integrated display system is the human-machine interface of large aircraft. With the continuous advancement of related technologies, the integrated display system will be more humane and intelligent, creating a more intuitive, concise and efficient aircraft cockpit, thereby enhancing the pilot’s situational awareness. And flight control capabilities. Take the Boeing 787 aircraft as an example. The cockpit of the aircraft uses 5 large-size AMLCDs and 2 head-up displays (HUD). These displays can provide pilots with a downward view during key flight phases such as approach and landing. Seamless information migration from display to head-up display. At the same time, the displays can be interchanged and mutually backed up. When one display fails, the other displays can immediately switch and reconstruct the display content in real time to ensure that the pilot's key flight parameters are displayed uninterrupted, thereby ensuring the safety of flight control And continuity.
In addition, in order to cope with the threats of complex terrain and severe weather to flight safety, and to further enhance the environmental adaptability of large aircraft, the integrated display system will combine the latest technological achievements in the current virtual reality and augmented reality fields, and will synthesize the visual scene (SVS). , Enhanced vision (EVS), head-up display (HUD), automatic speech recognition (ASR) and other new technologies are comprehensively applied to further reduce the workload of pilots and improve situational awareness.
Four, related suggestions
In recent years, with the implementation of a number of key projects such as major special projects for large aircraft in China, my country has made a number of major achievements in the field of large aircraft avionics. However, in key equipment research and development, system integration verification, product airworthiness certification, etc. There is still a big gap with developed countries such as Europe. To this end, we should further play the leading role of our autonomous aircraft models, actively carry out research and exploration of cutting-edge technologies in the field of avionics, continuously strengthen the overall integration capabilities of avionics systems, and further realize China's technical control ability in this field; To strengthen key technology research, focus on key products with high economic added value and high technical content in the field of avionics, and make great efforts around the core links of design, development, generation, verification and airworthiness to form an independent and controllable avionics in China Product supporting capabilities and product genealogy; integration and innovation should be further strengthened, and the latest technological achievements in artificial intelligence, cloud computing, Internet of Things, big data, virtual reality and other fields should be actively used for reference and integration, and related achievements should be actively explored in the field of avionics. The feasible way of application, so as to firmly grasp the intelligent trend of the future avionics system, and strive to achieve overtaking in corners.
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