Emergency lighting is an important safety facility for modern public buildings and industrial buildings. It is closely related to personal safety and building safety. When a building has a fire or other disaster, accompanied by a power outage, emergency lighting has an important role in personnel evacuation, fire rescue work, and the continued operation or necessary operation and disposal of important production and work. Some developed countries and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) have set high requirements and detailed regulations.
In recent years, many high-rise public buildings and foreign-related buildings have been built in China, and the role of emergency lighting has become increasingly prominent, which has attracted the attention of fire departments and design units. However, China still lacks perfect and detailed standards and norms. The "Civil Building Lighting Design Standards" (hereinafter referred to as "People's Standards") and "Industrial Enterprise Lighting Design Standards" (hereinafter referred to as "Workmarks") have only very principled provisions.
In 1993, the China Lighting Society released the "Guide to Emergency Lighting Design", which absorbed advanced international standards, summed up the experience of China, and has certain guiding significance for design.
Now I will talk about my own understanding of several issues in emergency lighting design.
The name and classification of an emergency lighting
Since the 1950s, China has been using the term "accident lighting". In order to interface with the word "Emergency Lighting" commonly used in CIE and the United States and the United States, and considering more precise and more realistic, "Popular Standards" and "Workmarks" promulgated in the early 1990s have used "emergency lighting". ". The change of nouns is accompanied by some changes in content and technical requirements. For example, past accident lighting is divided into two categories, namely, accident lighting for evacuation and continuing work; and the emergency lighting specified by the new standard is divided into three categories, namely, evacuation lighting and safety.
Lighting, backup lighting. This three-category approach is consistent with CIE's Guide to Emergency Lighting in Buildings. However, the classification of countries is not uniform, such as the Netherlands and CIE; the United States "personal safety regulations" are divided into four categories, that is, evacuation lighting is divided into two categories, therefore, and CIE classification is closer; and the former Soviet Union and the United States norms still Is divided into two categories;
Judging from the situation in the past two years, some designers are still not very clear about the classification and its meaning, which makes the engineering design not meet the requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the meaning, function and how to design each of the three types of emergency lighting, especially the role of evacuation lighting. The function of evacuation lighting shall provide the evacuation passage with the necessary illumination for walking towards the exit direction and shall clearly mark the exit position. According to these functions, evacuation lighting friends should be divided into two categories: one is evacuation lighting, etc. - providing the necessary illumination for the evacuation channel; the second is the evacuation indicator light - for the sign and indicating the exit. The functions of these two types of lamps are different. The form and installation position of the lamps are different and cannot be confused. In particular, the evacuation indicator light, there are many internationally common expressions and technical requirements, and can not be applied at will.
Illumination of emergency lighting
The new "Popular Standards" and "Workmarks" have a principled comparison. There are also some problems in the design. Since the illumination illumination is mostly low, the uniformity is generally not high, and the average illumination is very different from the minimum illumination. In addition, the entire site is required to have certain parts and regions with the specified illumination, which is not the same.
Illumination is high and low, in addition to visual conditions, it is also related to the economic level and energy conditions of a country.
Evacuation illumination, the US regulations are not less than 10Lx (can be reduced at the end of the duration)
6Lx), Japan regulations are not less than 1Lx (not less than 2Lx when using fluorescent lamps), and CIE does not specify
Less than 0.2Lx. China's "workmark" requires that the main evacuation channel should not be lower than 0.5Lx. The fire code requires that the minimum illumination should not be less than 0.5Lx. The illuminances specified by the two are the same, but the actual difference is very large. The "working standard" uses the average illuminance, while the main channel is specified, and not all is required.
Considering the actual situation in China, with reference to the CIE and US regulations, it is recommended that the billing system generated at least on the ground centerline of the evacuation channel should not be lower than 0.5Lx. And should maintain a good uniformity.
As for the illumination of safe lighting and standby lighting, the "Workmark" regulations should not be lower than 5% and 10% of general lighting. This is a general principle. I think the following two characteristics should be considered in the design and treated differently:
The first is that certain areas should be illuminated. For example, the operating table should maintain the same illumination as normal lighting. Some important public places, such as the International Conference Center, the International Competition Stadium, and the Fire Command Center, should have The same illumination as normal lighting.
The second is the standby and safety lighting in some places, such as the fire control room, generator room, distribution substation, etc., mainly to ensure the necessary work and the required illumination of the operating parts, without requiring the entire room or place to achieve the specified uniformity.
Conversion time and continuous working time of three emergency lighting
These two standards are not specified in the "Workmark" and "Public Standards". The requirements are as follows according to the CIE requirements.
1. Normal power interruption, conversion time to emergency power supply:
(1), evacuation lighting, should not be greater than 15S. This is considered to adapt to emergency generators
Starting conditions, such as the use of other emergency power sources, should strive for shorter.
(2), safety lighting, should not be greater than 0.5S. Because the personal safety is more direct and the requirements are higher, the emergency power supply can only use the automatic conversion of the grid line or the battery.
(3), standby lighting, should not be greater than 15S. For production sites with explosion hazards, depending on the characteristics of the process, determine the shorter time as needed; for places such as checkout counters in shopping malls, to prevent theft, it should not be greater than 1.5S.
2. When the emergency power supply is used, the emergency lighting duration requirements:
(1), evacuation lighting, should not be less than 30min. It should mainly consider the time required for personnel to evacuate, search for people in the building, rescue, etc. in the event of a fire or other disaster. For super high-rise buildings, large-scale multi-storey buildings, large hospitals, etc., longer durations such as 45, 60, and 90 minutes should be considered.
(2) Safety lighting and standby lighting shall be determined according to the production, process characteristics and duration. Public buildings, communication centers, broadcasting stations, television stations, power generation and distribution centers, transportation hubs, etc., which are particularly important, should continue to work for a long time.
Four emergency lighting power supply
1. As the power source for emergency lighting, there are mainly the following categories:
(1) A line from the power grid separate from the normal power source;
(2) Emergency generator set;
(3) The battery pack includes three types of battery packs that are centrally set, partitioned, and included in the emergency light;
(4) At the same time, there are two or three combinations of the above three types of power sources.
2. Characteristics and applications of backup power from the power grid
This form of application is common, fast, reliable, and long lasting. In large and medium-sized cities, large and medium-sized factories, etc., it is often easier to obtain such power. Generally speaking, in public buildings and factories, due to production and work needs, when there is a grid backup emergency power supply, it is first used as an emergency lighting power source. Conversely, it is not economical and reasonable to set up for emergency lighting. Therefore, when designing, the power supply and emergency power supply of power equipment and emergency lighting should be arranged in a unified manner in order to be economical and reasonable. For the standby lighting that continues to maintain production, the standby lighting of the fire pump room should be the same as the production power equipment and fire pump, which is generally taken from the power grid.
3. Characteristics and application of emergency generator sets
After the power supply is interrupted, it takes a long time for the emergency generator set to be put into operation. Units that are often in reserve state need about 15 seconds to start from power failure, so they can only be used as emergency power sources for evacuation and backup lighting. It cannot be used alone for security lighting. Generator sets designed for emergency lighting are usually uneconomical and unreasonable. In high-rise buildings, it is often set up for fire protection requirements. For example, in Hong Kong, public buildings with more than 8 floors should be equipped with generator sets for emergency power supply; in some industrial production plants, communication and traffic orders are often associated with production and operation of power facilities. Need to think together.
4, battery pack characteristics and applications
The battery has high reliability and rapid conversion, and can adapt to various types of emergency lighting. The disadvantages are small capacity, short duration, frequent maintenance checks, important public buildings, important underground buildings, and sometimes other emergency power supplies; in small public buildings, such as small hotels, when it is difficult to obtain backup power from the grid. It is more cost-effective to use batteries.
The power supply unit (UPS) is a centralized or centralized battery power supply mode. Its performance indicators are high, but the price is also high. Generally, emergency lighting should not be used. However, when there is a UPS in a building such as a computer station, and the capacity can meet the requirements, it is suitable to use the UPS to supply emergency lighting in the site. When the central power distribution station is equipped with a battery DC screen, it can be used to supply standby lighting in the premises.
5, the application of combined power supply
At the same time, there are two or three emergency power sources. Of course, the reliability is higher, but the investment is larger. Generally, it is only used in important public buildings and high-rise buildings. Generally speaking, the setting of several power sources is determined according to the requirements of the building's production and fire power facilities, and is not set too much for emergency lighting.
Five evacuation lighting settings
Evacuation lighting should be determined according to factors such as the number of floors, size, complexity, number of people in the railway and activities within the building, the function of the building, and the characteristics of production or use. I think it should be highlighted
Consider the following: the first is a high-rise or multi-storey public building; the second is that people in the building are not familiar with the situation inside the building; the third is that there are many people in the building. According to these principles, the buildings that should be equipped with evacuation lighting mainly include: public buildings with numerous personnel, such as the town hall, theater, theater, cultural palace, stadium, exhibition hall, museum, hotel, terminal, large and medium-sized waiting room, large and medium-sized Shopping malls, etc.; underground buildings, such as subway stations, underground shopping malls, hotels, entertainment venues, etc.; large-scale industrial plants with many important personnel. For general office buildings. Ordinary residential buildings below 9 floors, general industrial plants, taking into account the current economic situation in China, may not be set.
2, the layout of evacuation lighting
Evacuation lighting is divided into two categories according to functions: one is an evacuation sign light indicating the direction of the exit; the other is an evacuation light that illuminates the evacuation channel. The layout and installation requirements are explained separately below.
(1) Arrangement and installation of evacuation sign lights
In buildings where evacuation lighting is required, arrangements should be made according to the principle that evacuation signs can be seen by persons on any part of the evacuation walkway or in the public hall to indicate the direction of evacuation until the exit is reached.
The layout requirements for the exit sign and the pointing mark are separately described below.
(a) Arrangement and installation of export signs
It should be arranged at the exit and emergency exit to the outside; the floors in the multi-storey building lead to the door of the evacuation stairwell or the front room of the anti-smoke stairwell; the large-scale hall, hall and hall lead to the exit of the outdoor or evacuation passage.
The exit sign shall be installed inside the exit door and shall not be placed on the side of the stairwell. The sign surface shall face the evacuation passage and be as perpendicular as possible to the axis of the walkway. It is usually installed above the door, or under the roof of the door or above the door. The height from the ground is 2.0-2.5m. Too low is not good for safety, and it is not easy to see it from a distance. If it is too high, the smoke may be invisible when it is in a fire. It can be mounted or concealed in a wall, depending on the architectural requirements. When the exit door is located on the side of the evacuation walkway, the wall cannot be concealed because the sign surface should be perpendicular to the direction of the walkway, so it should extend out of the wall or under the ceiling above the door. When there are evacuated walkways on both sides of the exit door, an exit sign with a graphic or text mark on both sides shall be installed.
(b), pointing signs and installation
The pointing sign is arranged at: the corner of the evacuation walkway; when the straight line of the evacuation walkway is more than 20m away from the exit sign, the exit sign may not be clearly seen, and the pointing sign shall be added. That is to say, in any section of the evacuation walkway, you can see the exit sign or the pointing sign, and the line of sight distance does not exceed 20m.
The pointing sign is usually installed on the side wall of the walkway, and the height from the ground should not be greater than 1m. The low position installation is mainly to prevent smoke from blocking. The United States is installed on the ground side of the aisle. When the position is low, anti-mechanical damage and electric shock measures should be considered. From the point of view of convenience, it is not suitable to be embedded in the wall. Generally, it should be taken within the inlaid wall but the wall surface is 30-40mm. The protruding translucent cover should use non-broken glass or film, and should not have sharp edges and fixings. When it is required to be installed in a higher position, it is better to have a height of about 2 m on the wall and 2.0-2.2 m under the ceiling.
The pointing sign usually uses the "arrow" to indicate the direction of evacuation, and its sign surface should be as perpendicular as possible to the direction of the walkway so that people on the evacuated walkway can see the sign surface.
(2) Arrangement and installation of evacuation lights
Evacuation lights should be arranged evenly along the evacuation walkway. Pay attention to the corners of the walkway, the intersection, the change of the ground height, and the fire alarm button. It is also necessary to evacuate the stairwell, the smoke-proof stairwell and its front room, and the elevator. Ladders and other places; large halls, theaters, stadiums, museums, large and medium-sized shopping malls, etc.
Evacuation lights are usually part of normal lighting, such as 1/2 or 1/3, the spacing should not be too large, and the use of lamps with wide light distribution along the longitudinal direction of the walkway to improve uniformity.
Six security lighting settings
1. Which places should be set up for safety lighting?
Safety lighting is designed to ensure the safety of people in potential threats when normal lighting is extinguished, emphasizing the extremely fast illumination and ensuring human safety. It is different from evacuation lighting, which guarantees the safety of personnel evacuating buildings during a disaster. Safety lighting should be set up in the following categories:
(1) Because the lighting is extinguished, the production sites in the dark that may cause serious dangers such as trauma and burns, such as bare circular saws.
(2), the lighting will be delayed will delay the work and operation time, such as the operating room, emergency room, etc. in the hospital that endanger the patient's life.
(3) Personnel intensive and unfamiliar with the environment inside the building, where the lighting is extinguished is likely to cause panic and cause casualties, and in elevators that are difficult to communicate with the outside world.
2. Arrangement of safety lighting
Safety lighting is mostly not required to illuminate the entire room, or to require a uniformity of uniformity, to illuminate only one or a few work surfaces. And often requires a certain directional illumination.
It can be installed with directional lamps, and some can use local lighting for process equipment.
Seven alternate lighting settings
1. Locations where equipment lighting is required
The backup lighting should be based on the production, operation and operation characteristics of the site, and each industry has its own special requirements. Here are a few examples of places that require alternate lighting:
(1) After the power is cut off, lighting is required to carry out necessary operations and disposal. Otherwise, it may cause explosions, fires, poisoning and other accidents, or damage or confusion of the production process, or damage to valuable parts processed or treated. .
(2) If the lighting is extinguished, it will cause the system to operate, operate or work unable to continue to operate, resulting in great economic losses or adverse effects, such as communication centers, television stations, radio stations, railway or aviation hubs, power stations, central substations. Important power supply stations, urban water supply facilities, as well as the National Assembly Hall, the International Conference Center, international competition venues, and high-end hotels.
(3) Illumination and extinction will hinder the idea control center or command center of firefighting work, fire facilities, etc.
(4) Important underground buildings, such as underground railway stations and operating rooms, underground hotels, shopping malls and entertainment centers.
(5) Where the lighting is extinguished, the place where cash or valuables are stolen, such as the valuable goods sales area of ​​the shopping mall, the checkout counter, and the self-selected shopping mall.
2. Arrangement of spare lighting
(1) The standby lighting should be arranged in a unified manner with normal lighting for economic, reasonable and overall coordination.
(2) After the power is cut off, it is required to continue to work or need to perform necessary operations and disposal. The standby lighting should be placed in the main part where work and operation are required.
(3) If the entire site is to continue to work after the lighting is extinguished, part of the normal lighting fixtures should be used as the backup lighting; when the standby lighting requires important illumination of the same public buildings as the normal lighting, all lights should be used normally, instead of Another fixture is installed to switch to emergency power supply in the event of a power failure.
Technical requirements for eight self-contained power emergency lights
In addition to the light source and the light fixture, the self-contained power emergency light should also include a battery pack, an inverter, a charging circuit, and a control and protection circuit. Can be used as a variety of emergency lighting, more used to evacuate the marker lights. The main technical requirements are as follows:
1. Battery: It is required to use fully enclosed, maintenance-free, small-size rechargeable battery. Generally, cadmium-nickel battery should be used. The condition is superior, but lead-acid battery can be used, but the size is larger and the life is shorter, but the car battery should not be used. It is not allowed to use the original battery.
Under normal charge and discharge conditions, the service life of the battery shall not be less than 4-5 years, or not less than 400 times according to the full charge and discharge cycle. For lead-acid batteries, it should not be less than 200 times.
The battery should not be recharged for less than 24 hours.
2. There should be inverter, control, protection and charging. Generally there should be overcharge protection. For lead-acid batteries, over-discharge protection must also be provided. As for cadmium-nickel batteries, the effect of over-discharge is small.
3. The inverter circuit should guarantee a certain lumen efficiency. That is, the ratio of the luminous flux output by the light source after switching from the normal power supply to the battery supply. For non-continuous operation emergency lights, the luminous flux after switching to battery power supply 5S is not less than 80% of its rated luminous flux. This country has different regulations. Some national regulations can be negotiated by the production plant, and can even be set at 5% and 50%. Special attention should be paid to the lighting design. The emergency illumination should not be calculated according to the rated flux of the light source. Negotiate data calculations.
4. The voltage at the end of the battery discharge should not be lower than 80% of the rated voltage. Some countries have a higher ratio. At the end of the discharge, it should be the end of the emergency continuous working time specified by the emergency light.
3. Manual operation switch should not be installed between the battery pack and the light source in the emergency light. The normal power side of the emergency light should be equipped with short-circuit protection; in addition, there should be a charging indicator and a test button.
Technical requirements for the nine evacuation signs
1. Evacuation signs include export signs and pointing signs. The signs should be clear, intuitive and easy to see. They are applicable to people of all countries and nationalities, preferably graphic signs, and are international standards and common figures and texts.
The Beijing Local Standards prepared by the Indoor Lighting Committee of the China Illuminating Society and the Beijing Municipal Fire Bureau - "Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Emergency Light Safety", drawings, text representation methods, drawing requirements, writing requirements and dimensions for evacuation marks The regulations. After the promulgation in 1990, the products of various production plants in Beijing were unified.
Some production plants in other provinces and cities are also producing according to this standard.
The graphic logo has two people running (the left or right) and the arrow, all of which are unified with international standards. The word mark uses two kinds of "export" and "safe exit". In the past, the use of "Tai Ping Men", "very mouth" and other written signs are not clear enough, and should not be used any more; as for the "emergency exit" part of the text strokes too much, not easy to write, it is not easy to identify clearly. When using the English mark, "EXIT" is used uniformly according to foreign writing. The logo can be either a graphic or two. When using both running people and arrows, the directions must be the same. Directional signs with two exits should use two-way arrows instead of running people.
2, the size of the evacuation mark: the size of the logo panel and the graphic text part, the Beijing local mark made the principle. Dimensions are related to line of sight and should be considered for mounting location, trim requirements and lamp size. In general, the long side of the logo should be 2.5 times the short side.
3, the color of the logo panel and graphic text
The panel background is generally green and the graphic text is white. Dark background and light graphics for higher recognition and sharper graphics. Green graphic text, white background is also available when necessary. The use of green for the safety exit mark is an international general rule and complies with the international "safe color". The use of red is still incorrect and must be corrected.
Green and white meet the chromaticity coordinates of Light Signal Color (GB8417).
4, the brightness and brightness ratio of the logo surface
Evacuation lighting does not measure illuminance, but assesses the brightness value of its logo surface. According to the CIE guidelines, the minimum brightness of the logo panel and graphic text should not be less than 15 cd/m2, and the maximum brightness should not be greater than 300 cd/m2; the ratio of the lowest to the highest brightness on the same logo surface should not be greater than 1:10. The lower limit is specified to be visible, and the upper limit is to limit glare. For theater entertainment venues, the brightness of the logo surface should be taken as the lower limit.
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