ESA believes that high-altitude drones that can be paralyzed at the edge of space can be used as a high-altitude pseudo-satellite (HAPS) to fill vacancies between unmanned aircraft and satellites and can provide longer airtime while providing better photographing Resolution and keep monitoring the field of up to 785,000 square kilometers. ESA is interested in HAPS because it combines many attributes of drones and satellites. Like satellites, HAPS aircraft can cover a large area because it flies at a height of about 20 kilometers (12 miles), above the clouds, and over ordinary jet commercial aircraft.
However, HAPS is more than 320 kilometers (200 miles) below satellites, so it can generate high-resolution images similar to drones, and like drones, HAPS can stay at specific altitudes for long periods of time, weeks or even weeks. No need to refuel for months. This means that they can be used not only for remote sensing, but also for high-bandwidth communications, as well as for backup of GPS and other satellite navigation systems in remote areas.
In addition, HAPS communications are not affected by the time lag that satellites must consider. Unlike satellites and drones, they are equally suitable for establishing temporary or semi-permanent communications and navigation nodes in the event of war and natural disasters. ESA stated that this concept has been explored for the past 20 years but has now finally become a reality. This is achieved through the use of small avionics, high-performance solar cells, lightweight batteries and wiring harnesses, miniaturization of Earth observation sensors and high-bandwidth communication links. Road and other equipment technologies are mature and realized, and can provide competitive price services.
ESA stated that there are already some candidate systems that can meet the needs of the agency. Including Airbus Zephyr-S wing solar drone, in 2010 set a stop in the air for 14 days without refueling the world record. There are also Zephyr-T, which can carry larger payloads, and the Thales Alenia Space Stratobus powered by a fuel cell, which is scheduled to fly for the first time in 2021 and can carry payloads of 250 kilograms (550 pounds).
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