This article first introduces the development status and supporting policies of distributed energy in the United States, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Japan, and analyzes the development status, policies, and standards of China's distributed energy industry. Finally, the development of China's distributed energy industry has been carried out. to sum up.
1 OverviewDistributed energy is a new form of energy supply system. It is a distributed energy supply system that generates electricity, heat and cold energy by consuming primary energy natural gas on the basis of the concept of energy integrated cascade utilization. The National 13th Five-Year Plan outlines the development of distributed energy projects to a new level. As the national economy is steadily improving and environmental protection requirements are constantly improving, the demand for clean energy will continue to grow, and the investment in distributed energy projects will continue to increase. This paper analyzes the status quo of distributed energy policy and development in the United States, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Japan, and analyzes the status quo of domestic distributed energy development, providing a reference for the next step of the industry.
2. Overview of foreign industry developmentAccording to the “Power Development Trend†released by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2015, the total installed capacity of power generation in the OECD countries in 2013 reached 2,794 GW, of which gas generators accounted for 21.7%. Developed countries such as the United States, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Japan are among the best in the world in terms of policy support for distributed energy projects, the number of operational projects, and the technical level of the industry.
2.1 United States
2.1.1 Development status
The United States is one of the earliest countries in the world to develop distributed energy. Since 1978, it has promoted the development of small gas distributed heat and power cogeneration technology. According to statistics, in 2000, there were 980 distributed energy projects for commercial and public buildings in the United States, with a power generation installed capacity of approximately 4.9 GW and 1016 industrial distributed energy projects with a generating capacity of approximately 45.5 GW. After the “California Blackout†accident, the US government will promote the distributed cogeneration system as a long-term development plan to improve energy security and set clear strategic goals: strive to build new office buildings or commercial buildings by 2020. The proportion of the application of distributed energy technology will increase to 50%, and the energy supply system of 15% of existing buildings will be converted into a distributed energy mode. The installed capacity of distributed energy projects will reach 187GW, accounting for 29% of the country's total installed capacity. %. At present, the US Department of Energy believes that the development potential of distributed energy in the United States is 110-150 GW, of which the distributed energy potential in the industrial field is 70-90 GW, and the distributed energy potential in the commercial and civilian fields is 40-60 GW.
2.1.2 supporting policy
The US government's distributed energy policy is mainly reflected in the reduction of some investment taxes, the shortening of the depreciation period of assets, the simplification of business licensing procedures, the integration of projects, and the enthusiasm of mobilizing project investment. These supporting policies have improved the economics of the project and encouraged and promoted the development of distributed energy projects.
2.2 Denmark
2.2.1 Development status
Denmark is one of the countries with the highest energy efficiency in the world. More than 80% of district heating sources use cogeneration, which embodies the most effective way to utilize limited resources, which brings economic advantages and environmental advantages, so that they do not bring excessive energy consumption while increasing GDP. And environmental pollution. In Denmark's distributed energy system, its energy is mainly contributed by wind power and coal-fired power generation, and the proportion of natural gas is not high. Since 1990, Denmark's new power has relied mainly on distributed energy systems, especially industrial users and small regionalized distributed energy power stations (thermal power stations) and renewable energy projects. In the future, one of the development directions of Danish distributed energy is the conversion of fuel from regional thermal power plants to natural gas, garbage and biomass.
2.2.2 supporting policy
Compared with traditional coal-fired power plants, distributed energy systems can save 28% of fuel, reduce CO2 emissions by 47%, and have high energy efficiency. Therefore, Denmark is the country with the most distributed energy policies in the world and requires strict implementation. Among them, the policy of energy tax rebate and low-interest loans provided strong support for project investment.
2.3 United Kingdom
2.3.1 Development Status
According to the Energy Statistics Report released by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) in 2008, the total installed capacity of UK gas generators reached 5.47 GW, which accounts for 7% of the country's total power generation. In 2012, the total installed capacity of power generation in the UK was 89.2 GW, of which the proportion of gas generators accounted for 28% of the total installed capacity. With the promotion of distributed energy systems in the UK, in the past 20 years, more than 1,000 projects have been installed in public places such as business centers, hospitals, schools, airports, office buildings, etc., including the office buildings of British government agencies. Therefore, the efficiency of comprehensive energy utilization has been improved. The UK government also requires that power generation project developers consider the feasibility of distributed energy technologies when project submissions. The British Energy Production Outlook Report released by the UK Business Energy and Industry Strategy Department (BEIS) in 2016 shows that natural gas power generation accounts for 45% of the total power generation. The UK will cancel all coal-fired power plants by 2025.
2.3.2 Supporting policies
The UK has implemented a climate change tax since April 10, 2001. The initial tax rate will increase electricity tariffs by 0.43 pence/(kW ̇h) and coal and gas charges by 0.15 pence/(kW ̇h). Distributed energy projects do not need to pay the climate change tax, which is expected to save 20% of energy costs. A distributed energy project represented by cogeneration is allowed to directly sell a certain amount of electricity.
2.4 Japan
2.4.1 Development Status
Limited by resources and location, Japan uses energy sources such as distributed energy generation, solar power generation, and wind power generation to reduce dependence on energy imports. Especially after the suspension of the Fukushima nuclear power plant was stopped, the construction of distributed energy projects began to accelerate. As of the end of 2010, the installed capacity of distributed energy projects in the commercial and industrial sectors in Japan reached 9.44GW, of which 6319 were commercial projects, mainly used in hospitals, restaurants, public recreation facilities, etc.; industrial projects were 7,473, mainly Used in chemical, manufacturing, power, steel and other industries.
2.4.2 Supporting policies
Fuel and electricity sales prices are related to the economics of distributed energy projects. The Japanese government guarantees the return on investment of distributed energy projects through special taxes, low-interest loans, investment subsidies, and subsidies for new technology development, and vigorously promotes distributed energy projects to improve energy efficiency.
3. Overview of domestic industry development3.1 Development Status
In 2011, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the “Revision and Opinions on the Development of Distributed Energy for Natural Gas†(hereinafter referred to as “Development and Reform Energy [2011] No. 2196) issued by the National Development and Reform Commission [2011] No. 2196. The main task proposed is: “Twelve Five During the period, we will build about 1,000 natural gas distributed energy projects and 10 distributed energy demonstration areas with typical characteristics. The proposed goal is: “The installed capacity of distributed energy projects during the 13th Five-Year Plan period will reach 50GW, accounting for the whole country. Nearly 3% of the total installed capacity of electric power and 50% of the installed capacity of natural gas power generation have initially realized the industrialization of distributed energy equipment."
As of the end of 2014, China's City Gas Association's Distributed Energy Professional Committee (hereinafter referred to as CDEC) has a total of 104 distributed energy projects under construction and under construction in China. The installed capacity of power generation is 3.8GW, accounting for 0.28 of the total installed capacity of the country. %, of which 0.15GW for building type and 3.65GW for regional type. At the end of 2015, China's natural gas distributed energy projects increased to 205, and the total installed capacity of power generation exceeded 7.5GW, including 105 projects, 35 projects under construction, and 65 projects under construction. Compared with the main task indicators proposed in the document [2011] No. 2196, the completion rate is only 20.5%.
China's distributed energy projects are mainly distributed in the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and Sichuan and Chongqing, with an installed capacity of about 70%. The situation of China's natural gas distributed energy projects released by CDEC in 2015 is shown in Table 1. In Table 1, the ratio of the number of natural gas distributed energy projects in the target region to the total number of domestic natural gas distributed energy projects, the installed capacity is the power generation capacity of the distributed natural gas distributed energy project in the target region and the domestic natural gas distributed energy project. The ratio of total installed capacity.
It can be seen from Table 1 that the overall development of China's distributed energy projects is: the largest number of coastal cities, followed by Sichuan and Chongqing.
3.2 Supporting policies and standards
The development process of China's distributed energy industry is similar to that of foreign countries. From macroscopic encouragement to substantive support, policies play an important role in promoting the healthy development of the distributed energy industry. After 2011, China's distributed energy industry policies were intensively released, and the support was gradually substantial. In order to further prepare for the preparatory work of distributed energy projects, we will sort out the main policies and standards in China, and the project investment and construction units should fully study these documents. China's distributed energy related policies and standards are shown in Table 2. The “—†in Table 2 indicates that there is no file number.
Distributed energy-related documents such as laws and regulations, technical standards, and tax subsidy policies formulated by developed countries cover all aspects of the distributed energy industry chain from development planning, technology research and development, investment and construction to operation and maintenance. Fuel tax exemption, power grid access priority, grid incentives, electricity price formation, income distribution mechanism and other aspects involving the distribution of benefits are mandatory to support industrial development.
The development of China's distributed energy industry is still in its infancy, and it is affected by policies. It lacks overall development planning, and financial subsidies and other policies are insufficient. Different regions have different implementations and support for national policies, which seriously affect the development of distributed energy projects. Enthusiasm and economy.
In developed countries and regions such as the United States, distributed energy systems have the advantages of resource support capability and stability, as well as equipment maturity. Therefore, distributed energy has developed in an all-round way and has grown rapidly, becoming an important development direction for the energy industry in the country or region. And support.
China's distributed energy projects are concentrated in economically developed regions of North China, East China and South China, and the development of each region is not balanced. The reason is that users in these economically developed regions have strong ability to withstand energy prices, have large load demands, and have favorable geographic locations to facilitate access to natural gas resources.
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