In recent years, the popular vocabulary of 3D printing has frequently entered people's field of vision. With the development of intelligent, digital and network-oriented smart manufacturing, "Industrial 4.0" and other emerging strategies to the national level, 3D printing as an important content is being paid more and more attention.
Traditional manufacturing revolution
Time goes back to the 1990s, 3D printing technology came out. After years of development, 3D printing has achieved technological breakthroughs in industrial modeling, machinery manufacturing, military, construction, film and television, home appliances, medicine, archaeology, culture and art, sculpture, jewelry and other fields and has been initially applied. Although the current global 3D printing market share only accounts for 0.02% of the entire manufacturing industry, with the development of 3D printing technology and materials, its application fields will continue to expand, and the application scale will continue to expand.
According to Bao Haifeng, a special professor of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Wuhan Textile University, 3D printing is to use a machine to print three-dimensional objects, and to produce finished products in a layered and layer-by-layer manner. This production method requires no mold and can be processed in one operation. Structured product. At present, 3D printers have a variety of molding systems, all of which have different characteristics. For example, 3D architectural printers can use clay, ceramic paste, etc. as printing materials.
Data show that in 2012, the global 3D printing equipment market size was 2.204 billion US dollars, an increase of 28.6% over 2011. Global market research firm Gartner released a report that the global 3D printing equipment market has reached 3.8 billion US dollars in 2014, and this year's shipments can reach 217,350 units, an increase of 100%. The agency predicts that the market will ship more than 2.3 million units by 2018, and the scale is expected to reach $12.5 billion.
Miao Wei, Minister of Industry and Information Technology, believes that with 3D printing technology, it can meet the individual needs of each consumer to the utmost extent, and of course it is still in a development stage. 3D printing has a strong competitive advantage for some particularly complex parts that are difficult to process and do not need to be batched. Due to this technological change, it is possible to bring a revolutionary change to the traditional way of production.
Industry insider Miao Wei recently said: "This technology represents a major change in the manufacturing processing method. At present, it has reached an inevitable moment of cross-border cooperation with automobiles, aerospace and other fields. The deep integration of cross-field will make 3D printing technology advance. The manufacturing industry has played a huge role in the process of intelligent, efficient, coordinated and green development. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will also actively play a guiding management function, encourage the application of 3D printing in the fields of automobiles, aerospace and other fields, and widely promote the cross-border of 3D printing and various industries. Cooperation in the field.
Zong Guisheng, director of the 3D printing professional technical committee of China Powder Metallurgy Technology Innovation Strategy Alliance, has three levels of application: 3D is the so-called high-end, is the aerospace vehicle; the second application is aimed at professionals, engineers, design The teacher, the quick model and some design verification; the third level of application is the civilian desktop printer, so this revolution is a new material based, new technology as a way to change.
Material bottleneck resistance development
China has developed 3D printing technology since the 1990s. At present, Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Huazhong University of Science and other research institutions and enterprises have achieved certain research results in the field of 3D printing equipment and materials. In October 2012, China 3D Printing Technology Industry Alliance was established. In 2013, China 3D Printing Technology Industry Innovation Center (Nanjing, Weifang, Zhuhai) was established. In 2013, 3D printing was selected into the National 863 Program. The state provided 40 million yuan as a research fund to support the development of 3D printing core technology. Beijing invested 1.5 billion yuan to support 3D printing technology. At the local government level, the 3D printing industry has blossomed everywhere and has become a hot spot for local governments, including Nanjing, Wuhan, Zhuhai, Qingdao, Chengdu, Changsha and other places to build a 3D printing industrial park, and given funds, land and supporting policies. stand by.
In February 2015, the industry believes that China's 3D printing industry has ushered in the spring of industrial development – ​​the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the “National Additive Manufacturing Industry Development Promotion Plan (2015~2016)â€, which will increase for the first time. The development of the material manufacturing (ie 3D printing) industry has risen to the national strategic level, and the overall plan for the development of the 3D industry has been made. It also objectively evaluates the status quo of China's 3D printing: China's industrialization of additive manufacturing is still in its infancy, and there is a big gap compared with advanced countries. It has not yet formed a complete industrial system, and has achieved large-scale industrialization and engineering. There is still a certain distance in the application. According to the statistics of the straight flush, there are currently 37 listed companies involved in the concept of 3D printing. However, the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets still do not have a listed company that is really dominated by 3D printing.
Why is China's 3D printing technology not fully industrialized? “Material bottlenecks are widely recognized in the industry as the primary issue limiting the development of 3D printing,†said Bao Haifeng.
It is understood that in terms of printing materials, 3D printing materials are mostly made of chemical polymers. The limitations of the selection are large, the physical properties of the molded products are poor, and the price of the materials is also high, and it is not necessary to enrich the material varieties and reduce the price of materials. Nowadays, 3D printing technology has applied more than 130 kinds of materials, but it is much less than the materials that can be applied in traditional industrial production.
Yuan Chengzhi, regional manager of Hunan Huasheng Hi-Tech Co., Ltd., said: "At present, the printing materials we develop and produce are mainly nylon and nylon composite materials, and PP, PE, PC and other polymer materials and other diverse materials. Materials can also be printed on 3D printers. It is hoped that relevant companies and research institutes will participate in the research process of different printing materials, which not only meets the high added value, but also the demand of the current market."
According to Yuan Chengzhi, 3D printing can mainly use powder and liquid raw materials. Photopolymerization technology generally uses liquid raw materials. The surface after molding is smoother, but the mechanical properties and aging resistance are lower, mainly SLA, DLP and (forming speed) Technology such as slow to fast), CLIP was just born this year, and its printing speed is 25~100 times faster than other methods.
A person in charge of Arkham (Beijing) Industrial Equipment Co., Ltd. said that they mainly use metal powder as a material for 3D printing to produce products in the medical, aerospace and other industries. The long-term goal is to become a metal additive manufacturing system. Leading manufacturer. Arkham uses electron beam melting (EBM) technology. Compared to the laser beam, EBM can form higher temperatures in the construction chamber due to the high energy density of the electron beam. For example, when printing titanium metal, it usually reaches a high temperature of about 700 °C. It enables the printed material to form an exquisite microstructure with high ductility and good fatigue resistance. According to the reporter, such materials and printers currently rely mainly on imports.
In terms of product quality, the accuracy of many 3D printing products is still not satisfactory, the printing efficiency is far from adapting to industrialization requirements, and due to the limitation of working principle, there is a serious conflict between printing accuracy and speed, and the gap between China and foreign countries is mainly Exist in the precision and stability of printing. According to experts, such as precision, the accuracy of domestic technology is low, the accuracy is about 0.1 mm, if it can be 0.05 mm, or even 50 nm, it can be equivalent to the international 3D printing level.
In addition, 3D printers are more expensive. Most desktop-level 3D printers cost about 20,000 yuan. Domestic imitation prices can be as low as 6,000 yuan, but the quality is difficult to guarantee. The price of industrial-grade 3D printers is even high. million dollar.
Who will seize the market in the future?
At present, under the new normal of accelerating the transformation of economic development mode, the government has put forward the development strategy of “Made in China 2025†and strives to realize the transformation from “manufacturing power†to “manufacturing powerâ€. This is a major opportunity for 3D printing for related industries including material supply and smart manufacturing. The industry believes that during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, 3D printing will profoundly affect the production methods of manufacturing enterprises, leading the manufacturing industry to enter customized production from standardization and lean production. Hong Xuetian, the relevant person in charge of the 3D printing industry fund of Zhongguancun Dream Lab, said: "China's current stock in the 3D printing market is only 4%, the United States accounts for 71%, Japan is about 1%, and Europe is about 11%. Of course, everyone sees this market. There are different research reports. From more than 500 million US dollars in 2013, we predict that we can reach 5 billion US dollars by 2020, and of course we have a forecast of 20 billion US dollars. I prefer the latter because I think the Chinese market may not count. Go in, so it is very likely to exceed this number."
Hong Xuetian also pointed out that in the future, the materials used in 3D printers will increase significantly, and these materials will have different characteristics. In the development of materials that can be used for printing, the research of 3D printing technology will go beyond its own limitations. For example, 3D prints more embedded components: batteries, electronics, sensors, and more. With further breakthroughs in printing equipment and printing materials technology and further cost reduction, 3D printing will be further developed in the field of personal consumption (food, art, personalized items, etc.).
"The domestic demand for 3D printers is mainly concentrated on the research and development of polymer materials, and has been applied in the fields of automobiles, aerospace, home appliances, etc., and more application fields and wider materials are still to be further researched and developed." Yuan Chengzhi said Sinopec also regards 3D printing as one of the five strategies of the future, and has purchased 3D printing equipment for the development of printing technology for related materials in the downstream of the petrochemical industry.
Saudi Basic Industries company Ernesto Orchello believes that 3D printing technology is a good opportunity for small and medium-sized businesses. They have the ability to create high value-added products, can achieve high levels of technology to gain customers' love, and it is a challenge for how to replicate on a large scale. In addition, from a business perspective, it is necessary to enter this market as soon as possible. If you have an idea, you can turn it into a product and push it into the market as soon as possible. For large companies or governments, it is necessary to train engineers and related personnel to know what kind of materials they use. 3D printing is the most appropriate, and they also need to do some early testing before pushing the product to the market.
"I am with the CEO of Mercedes-Benz. I said that the new 3D manufacturing technology will change the high-volume production line of our car. He said that it is entirely possible. In the future, customers may be in their own homes. Maker, designing a car by himself, some parts are made out by themselves. Some parts he thinks they can't get out, or they are not worthwhile, they can go to the car factory to buy, so the current car factory becomes a customer. The supplier, he told me such an example. So we must do this preparation to meet the changes brought about by this revolution. The result of this change must be to satisfy each individual's individuality to a greater extent. Demand, and it will not bring about a substantial increase in costs." Miao Wei said.
3D printing technology is breaking through its own shackles, including markets, materials, processes, costs, etc., and is working hard to become a popular consumer product. In the future, 3D printers will fly into the homes of ordinary people with low cost, high quality and practicality.
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