The phosphors used in white LEDs are Nichia's patented YAG and Osram's patented TAG. The following two phosphors and their patent relationships are described below.
YAG is mainly Y3Al5O12:Ce and its variant derivatives (for example, adding Ga to Al), and YAG is relatively easy to brighten. The Japanese patent contains the garnet containing Y and Al, that is, as long as Y is contained, the main body is Y and Al garnet. The change in YAG, a derivative of YAG, is also derived from its patent, for example (Y2.999Tb0.001) Al5O12:Ce.
TAG is mainly Tb3Al5O12:Ce and its variant derivatives, TAG is more difficult to brighten. In order to provide high brightness, a little Tb is added to the YAG, for example (Y2.999Tb0.001) Al5O12:Ce, then TAG, which is incorrect. The TAG without Y is the patent of OSRAM. TAG phosphors must not contain Y, and Y will be identified as YAG or its derivatives, as long as E is detected by EDX. The use of TAG is for the Japanese patent, and the Y-containing TAG can be said to simultaneously infringe the Japanese and Osram patents. When choosing TAG phosphors, be sure to note that there is no Y.
If you add a small amount or a small amount of other things to YAG, you can say that it is different from YAG. Then (Y2.99999 Dy0.00001) Al5O12:Ce can be regarded as non-YAG. Is the patent easy to crack? This is not the case, using YAG against YAG patents, using TAG against TAG patents, using Y-containing TAGs while contradicting YAG and TAG patents. The TAG containing Y cannot be completely different from the Japanese patent, and at the same time contradicts the YAG and TAG patents. Generally, TAG is used to avoid Japanese patents. Since TAG containing Y cannot avoid Nichia, it loses its meaning of use.
In addition, the patent of the phosphor depends on whether it is original and whether it can be implemented. For example, YAG and TAG are already patents of Nichia and Osram. After Nichia and Osram, YAG plus Blu-ray or TAG plus Blu-ray is used, even if it is obtained. Patents are not original and cannot be implemented. If someone proposes a patent for white light or a patent for phosphors, but uses YAG or TAG, it must be noted whether it can be implemented. The patent for the phosphor process usually does not make any sense. The patent for the phosphor component makes sense. For example, a chemical can emit yellow light as a yellow phosphor and apply for a component patent. Later, people use different sintering temperatures or The production of this phosphor by different processes is still in violation of the patent. In short, the ingredients are locked, and no matter what method is used, the patent is infringed.
The phosphor process patent does not have much practical significance because: (1) The phosphor process is similar, and phosphors have been produced in a similar way for a long time, and if there is a previously used method, there is no specificity. For example, phosphors can be made by sintering or sol-gel methods, which have long been known and used, and true process patents should have unique steps and produce excellent results. But when a unique step is found to produce excellent results, there is probably no one to disclose it to the world (because process patents are difficult to implement and easy to avoid). (2) Process patents are difficult to implement. It is impossible to see from the appearance what kind of process the phosphor is made of, and it is even more impossible to look at other people's processes in other factories, that is, it is difficult to know whether others are using a patented process to manufacture. (3) Process patents are too easy to avoid. Therefore, it is usually not applied for a process patent, a process patent can be said to be unexecutable, and the application does not make much sense.
The process of phosphors, usually when applying for a patent for a component, is placed in an accessory. Some process patents use process patents to include ingredients or application patents. For example, when applying for a patent for a phosphor process, write in the subsidiary item: the combination of phosphor and blue chip made in the first item of the application scope. A white light source. Such a patent must be seen as executable. White light patents such as YAG or TAG or other patented phosphors cannot be implemented using process patents to include white light. In another way, if someone makes YAG or TAG in different ways and then applies for a patent, in his patent application, he writes: YAG phosphor and blue chip combined according to the first item of the application scope. A white light source. Or: If the white light source made of TAG phosphor and blue light chip made by the first item of the application scope is said to have a white light patent, it is actually impossible to perform and cannot compete with Nichia or Osram. Use the patent of the phosphor process to include the ingredients or application patents, depending on whether the phosphor is original or newly invented. If the YAG and TAG process patents are packaged into white light, then the white light patent cannot be implemented because Nichia and Osram have long discovered and used it. If it is a process patent invented by a new phosphor (not discovered by anyone) The bread is applied in white light. The patent, the white light part can be executed, because no one uses this kind of phosphor to make white light.
A flange can also be a plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe. A blind flange is a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together.
Although the word flange generally refers to the actual raised rim or lip of a fitting, many flanged plumbing fittings are themselves known as 'flanges':
There are many different flange standards to be found worldwide. To allow easy functionality and interchangeability, these are designed to have standardised dimensions. Common world standards include ASA/ASME (USA), PN/DIN (European), BS10 (British/Australian), and JIS/KS (Japanese/Korean). In the USA, ANSI stopped publishing B16.5 in 1996, and the standard is ASME B16.5
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