Now, ultra-fast routers based on the IEEE 802.11ac standard have finally entered the mainstream market, and powerful engineers are building new hardware to surpass the performance of these devices. This is not to say that 802.11ac is about to be defeated. After all, the IEEE officially approved the standard until December 2013, but the chipset that provides all the features and features of the standard is still under development.
Most first-wave 802.11ac routers are based on the 802.11ac standard, and some newer routers (such as Netgear's 6-antenna Nighthawk X6) are using some techniques to get higher performance from this technology, the second wave. The 802.11ac router will be available in 2015.
These devices support many of the optional features in the standard and will provide higher wireless performance, while at the same time we will see new complementary wireless technologies for specialized applications. At the same time, the industry is working hard to develop the "successor" of 802.11ac. Let's take a look at the future development of Wi-Fi.
The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is responsible for defining Wi-Fi standards such as 802.11ac and older 802.11n. The Wi-Fi Alliance (an association of companies that build wireless networking devices) certifies that hardware based on these standards can work together.
Wi-Fi Alliance certification is not required, but it can reassure consumers, especially in the early days. This is because the IEEE may take years to complete its standards (they started 802.11ac in 2008 and did not complete until the end of 2013). Manufacturers are often reluctant to wait, so they will bring the product to market as soon as the early draft is introduced. Buffalo launched its first 802.11ac router in 2012, but the Wi-Fi Alliance did not launch its first 802.11ac certification program until mid-2013.
SU-MIMO (Single User Multiple Input/Multiple Output) technology is one of the hallmarks of the previous 802.11n standard. It allows multiple spatial streams to be streamed to a single client. The technology was moved to the 802.11ac standard, which also added a more powerful modulation technique to provide a maximum physical link rate of 433 Mbps per spatial stream.
Since it can support up to three such streams at the same time, the first wave of 802.11ac routers can send and receive data at the maximum physical link rate of 1.3 Gbps. Compared to this, 802.11n routers provide up to 3 spatial streams, maximum physics. The link rate is only 150Mbps (total throughput is 450Mbps).
The second wave of 802.11ac routers will be available sometime in 2015. These devices will operate in the less crowded 5GHz band, but they will take advantage of several optional factors of the 802.11ac standard: First, they will support a feature called MU-MIMO (multi-user multiple input/multiple output), which Allow them to simultaneously transfer multiple spatial streams to multiple clients.
Second, they bundle multiple channels in the 5GHz band to create a single channel to provide 160MHz bandwidth (the first wave of 802.11ac routers can also bundle 5GHz channels, but the bundled channels are only 80MHz wide). Third, 802.11n and first-wave 802.11ac routers support up to three spatial streams, while second-wave 802.11ac routers support up to eight spatial streams.
By combining wider channels or using additional spatial streams (and not having enough bandwidth to do so), improved beamforming and other techniques, the second wave of 802.11ac routers will provide a maximum physical link rate of 7 to 10 Gbps. Quantenna CommunicaTIons launched its first 802.11ac chipset in April last year.
At a recent conference, Greg Ennis, vice president of technology at the Wi-Fi Alliance, said the IEEE expects the 802.11ac standard to be inherited by the 802.11ax standard. Although the standards organization will not approve the standard until March 2019, products based on the draft standard may enter the market in 2016, as we have seen 802.11n and 802.11ac products appear before these standards are formally approved.
According to Ennis, one of the main goals of 802.11ax is to quadruple the wireless speed of a single network client, not just to increase the overall speed of the network. Chinese manufacturer Huawei (the company has engineers working in the IEEE 802.11ax working group) has reported that Wi-Fi connection speeds can reach 10.53 Gbps in the 5 GHz band.
Ennis said the 802.11ax standard will help high-density users change their Wi-Fi performance, such as hot spots in public places. This will be achieved by using the spectrum more efficiently, better managing interference, and improving underlying protocols such as media access control data communication. This can make public Wi-Fi hotspots faster and more reliable.
The 802.11ax standard will also use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) to increase the amount of data transmitted by the router. Like OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), OFDMA encodes data at multiple subcarrier frequencies, essentially loading more data into the same amount of space. The "multi-channel" of OFDMA refers to allocating a subset of these subcarrier frequencies to a single user.
While one part of the IEEE is to define the successor of 802.11ac, the other part is working on two complementary wireless network identifiers that address other needs. The IEEE 802.11ad logo uses unlicensed spectrum in the 60 GHz band to build fast short-range wireless networks with peak transmission rates of up to 7 Gbps.
There are two main disadvantages to transmitting data at 60 GHz: one is that very short waves are difficult to penetrate the wall, and the other is that oxygen molecules begin to absorb electromagnetic energy at 60 GHz.
Dell's Wireless Dock D5000 runs on a short-haul network in the 60 GHz band without the need for monitors, mice, keyboards, and audio cables, which explains why 60 GHz products are currently designed to work at very short distances or in a single room. Dell's Wireless Dock 5000 is a good example of the former, and DVDO Air is a good example of the latter, which loads HD audio and video from a Blu-ray player to a video projector without cables.
The Wi-Fi Alliance launched its 802.11ad certification brand at the end of last year. The organization will mark interoperable 802.11ad products as "WiGig CerTIfied" and its certification program will begin in 2015.
At the same time, IEEE 802.11ah is located at the other end of the spectrum. Operating in the unlicensed 900MHz band, wireless networks based on this standard can easily penetrate walls, but it does not provide a lot of bandwidth: only 100Kbps to 40Mbps. One use case might be to interconnect sensors and probes in home or commercial buildings, but the IEEE will not approve the standard until January 2016. 802.11ah will be seen as a competitor to the Z-Wave and ZigBee protocols in the IoT space.
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