The drone is referred to as the " UAV ", abbreviated as "UAV", which is mainly a non-manned aircraft operated by radio remote control equipment and its own program control device.
The origin of the drone
The drones first appeared in the 1920s. In the First World War in 1914, a small aircraft operated by radio without human driving was developed. Modern warfare is the basic driving force for the development of drones. The world's first drone was born in 1917, and the drone was actually put into combat in the Vietnam War, mainly used for battlefield reconnaissance.
In 1982, Israel and Syria in the Bekaa War, Israel used drones to reconnaissance, interference, and enemies. The role of drones was once again valued and developed.
In the Gulf War in early 1991, the drone has become a "must have" battlefield capability, and six sets of pioneer drone systems have entered the war. Provides high quality, near real-time, all-day reconnaissance, surveillance, target capture, interception, and battle damage assessment.
The Kosovo War was the one that used the most unmanned racks in previous wars and was the one that played the most.
In the first Russian Chechen anti-terrorism war in 1995 and the second Russian Chechen anti-terrorism war in 1999, the Russian army used unmanned reconnaissance planes to conduct reconnaissance and surveillance of the theater, especially in the second Chechen war, the Russian army’s “beesâ€. The unmanned reconnaissance plane has inspected a large number of rebel materials and provided accurate information for the Russian military's precision strikes.
In the aforementioned wars, the drones were mainly responsible for reconnaissance. In the Afghan war, the United States used the "predator" as a carrier and launched the "AGM-114C" and "Haierfa" air-to-ground missiles, which was realized for the first time in actual combat. The drone launches the missile directly to the ground and attacks the ground, further develops the function of the combat drone, and also verifies the actual use of the unmanned combat aircraft, and truly begins the unmanned war.
Type of drone
According to the function drones can be divided into military drones and civilian drones.
Military drones are divided into three categories: information support, information confrontation, and firepower. Civil drones include inspection and inspection drones, communication relay drones, remote sensing mapping drones, and time-sensitive targets. Fighting drones. This article focuses on civil drone systems.
From a technical point of view, civilian drones can generally be divided into: unmanned fixed-wing aircraft), unmanned helicopters , unmanned multi-rotor aircraft and so on.
1. Fixed-wing UAV:
Advantages: long battery life, long range, fast flight speed, high flying height and strong load capacity
Disadvantages: take-off and landing are limited by the venue, can not hover in the air
2, helicopter drone
Advantages: large load, vertical take-off and landing, air hovering, flexibility
Disadvantages: complex structure, high failure rate, high maintenance cost and short battery life
3, multi-rotor drone
Advantages: flexible operation, simple structure, low cost, convenient take-off and landing, hovering in the air
Disadvantages: short battery life, weak load capacity, slow flight speed
Main hardware structure of drone
1, the chip
A high-performance FPGA chip can realize the dual CPU function on the drone to meet the information fusion of the navigation sensor and realize the optimal control of the unmanned aerial vehicle.
2, inertial sensor
Along with the application of accelerometers, gyroscopes, geomagnetic sensors and other devices, MEMS inertial sensors have begun to rise on a large scale. Six-axis and nine-axis inertial sensors have gradually replaced single sensors, and the cost and power consumption have been further reduced.
3, WIFI and other wireless communications
Communication chips such as wifi are used to control and transmit image information, and communication transmission speed and quality can fully meet the transmission requirements of several hundred meters.
4, the battery
The increasing energy density of the battery allows the drone to have a battery life of 25-30 minutes while maintaining a light weight, to the extent that it can meet some basic applications. In addition, solar cell technology enables high-altitude drones to fly continuously. A week or even longer.
5, Yuntai
Install and fix the camera's supporting equipment, which ensures that the drone can perform stable shooting under various environments.
6, the aircraft body
Includes propeller, motor motor, body casing, etc.
7, camera, etc.
Including 4K, 3D, high-pixel camera and so on.
Main system of drone
The UAV system is mainly composed of three parts, namely the aircraft platform, the control station and the communication link.
Aircraft platform: including flight structure, power system, flight control system, navigation system, electrical system, communication system;
Control station: including display system and control system;
Communication link: including airborne communication and ground communication.
1. Flight control system
The flight control system is the "driver" of the drone, and is the core system of the entire flight process of the drone to complete take-off, air flight, mission execution and return-to-field recovery.
The flight control generally includes three parts: the sensor, the onboard computer and the servo actuating device. The functions realized mainly include the three types of unmanned aircraft attitude stabilization and control, drone mission equipment management and emergency control. Among them, the various sensors assembled in the fuselage (including angular rate, attitude, position, acceleration, altitude and airspeed) are the basis of the flight control system and the key to ensuring the accuracy of the aircraft control. In the future, UAV sensors are required to have higher detection accuracy and higher resolution. Therefore, high-end UAV sensors are widely used in new technologies such as hyperspectral imaging, synthetic aperture radar, and ultra-high frequency penetration.
The existing flight control system is a combination of open source and closed source systems. In order to improve the specialization of the system, most excellent drone manufacturers in China have evolved their own closed source systems based on open source systems. Compared with open source systems, drone manufacturers' own closed-source systems have added many optimization algorithms and simplified the participation of wire harnesses, making them easier to use.
2, navigation system
The navigation system is the "eye" of the drone, and the combination of multiple technologies is the future direction.
The navigation system provides the position, speed, and flight attitude of the reference coordinate system to the drone, and guides the drone to fly according to the designated route, which is equivalent to the navigator in the man-machine system.
At present, the navigation technologies adopted by drones mainly include inertial navigation, positioning satellite navigation, terrain-assisted navigation, geomagnetic navigation, and Doppler navigation.
The unmanned airborne navigation system is mainly divided into two types: non-autonomous (GPS, etc.) and autonomous (inertial guidance), but each has the disadvantage of being susceptible to interference and increased error accumulation, and the development of future drones requires obstacle avoidance, materials or The functions of weapon launching, automatic approach landing, etc. require high precision, high reliability, and high anti-interference performance. Therefore, the combination of multiple navigation technologies, "inertia + multi-sensor + GPS + photoelectric navigation system" will be the future development direction.
3. Power system
At present, civil industrial drones are mainly oil-based, and consumer-grade drones are mainly electric.
Different types of drones have different requirements for power units. Low-speed, medium-low-altitude small unmanned aerial vehicles tend to be piston engines, low-speed short-range, vertical take-off and landing drones tend to turboshaft engines, and small civilian drones mainly use electric motors, internal combustion engines or jet engines.
The turbine is expected to gradually replace the piston, and the new energy engine will improve its endurance.
The power unit widely used in professional drones is a piston engine, but the piston type is only suitable for low-speed low-altitude small drones. As the turbine engine push-to-weight ratio, life expectancy and fuel consumption decrease, the turbine will replace the piston as the main power model of the drone.
New energy motors such as solar and hydrogen are also expected to provide longer lasting power for small drones.
4, data link system (communication system)
The data link system (communication system) is the bridge between the drone and the control station, and is the real value of the drone.
The uplink communication link is mainly responsible for the transmission and reception of remote commands from the ground station to the drone.
The downlink communication link is mainly responsible for the transmission and reception of telemetry data, infrared or television images from the drone to the ground station.
Most of the ordinary drones use a custom line-of-sight data link, while the mid-high-altitude and long-haul drones use a super-horizon satellite communication data link.
The development of modern data link technology promotes the development of the UAV data link in the direction of high speed, broadband, confidentiality and anti-interference. With the increasing level of on-board sensors, the fineness of positioning, and the complexity of performing tasks, there is a strong demand for the bandwidth of the data link. In the future, with the rapid advancement of airborne high-speed processors, it is expected that existing RF data will be available in a few years. The transmission rate of the chain will double, and laser communication methods may also occur in the future.
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